A divergent role for TGF-β has been described in aneurysms depending on their regional location within the aorta, with negative influences of TGF-β in aneurysms within the aortic arch that are related to excessive AngII activation [29], while protective effects of TGF-β have been demonstrated in AngII-induced AAAs and xenograft implanted aneurysm models [30, 31]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is achalasia-alacrima syndrome.