Besides the reported genes, such as MnSOD, catalase, IκBα, VEGF, Zeb1, Snail and Bcl-2, additional genes were identified in our microarray analysis to be targeted and regulated by DDB2, e.g. NEDD4L. We also showed that DDB2 enhances the TGF-β signaling through downregulation of NEDD4L expression in ovarian cancer cells, providing a novel mechanism for the loss of response to TGF-β-induced growth inhibition in ovarian cancer cells (19,20) that always exhibit low DDB2 expression level (4). Here, TGFB1 is linked to ovarian carcinoma.