Interestingly, the lack of induction of the cell surface co-stimulatory molecule CD86 upon infection with N. gonorrhoeae seems to be an infrequent feature of pathogens in many studies using transcriptional tools, which have indicated that CD86 along with other M1-MФ markers, −including cytokines such as TNF, IL-6, IL-1β− are upregulated upon infection with several bacteria for instance, Yersinia enterocolitica, Tropheryma whipplei [28], Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium [39] and Mycobacterium tuberculosis [40]. Here, CD86 is linked to infection.