Three of those genes, IL1A (interleukin 1 alpha), EDN1 (endothelin 1) and NFKB1 (nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1) were also found to be activated in pharyngeal and lung epithelial cell cultures in response to infection with Moraxella catarrhalis [61]. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and infection.