PIK3CA and familial pancreatic carcinoma: Given that the thiosemicarbazones, Dp44mT and DpC, markedly up-regulate NDRG1 in MIAPaCa-2 and other pancreatic cancer cell lines [109], this suggests that NDRG1 could also mediate its demonstrated anti-tumor activity in pancreatic cancer through modulation of these critical molecules in the PI3K/AKT/PTEN cascade.