TNF and epilepsy: There are many reports showing that excessive expression of inflammatory cytokines released from glial cells may contribute to the progression of epilepsy [3, 5, 25]; for instance, TNFα released from KA-activated microglia increases excitotoxicity in the hippocampal neurons [6], suggesting that inflammatory processes may be associated with the etiopathogenesis of seizures and the cause of hippocampal cell death [26].