HMGB1 and injury: In stroke and brain injury, HMGB-1 might be released from ischemic neurons (Qiu et al. 2003), brain microglia (Kim et al. 2006), and activated monocytes/macrophages (Wang et al. 1999; Andersson et al. 2000), potentially mediating deleterious inflammatory responses (Andersson et al. 2000; Hayakawa et al. 2008, 2009).