NLRP3 and infection: Indeed, HIV induces both pro-interleukin-1 beta (IL1B) expression and its subsequent cleavage into bioactive IL1B through NLRP3 inflammasome activation in monocytes and macrophages in an infection-independent process that requires clathrin-mediated endocytosis and recognition of the viral ssRNA by TLR8 [42, 43].