Inactivation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) was also seen with HDACI/perifosine (Akt inhibitor) co-treatment of AML cells, along with Akt inhibition, JNK activation, ROS and ceramide generation, leading to striking increases in mitochondrial injury and apoptosis [161]. This evidence concerns the gene AKT1 and acute myeloid leukemia.