ATM and viral infectious disease: Along these lines, PML-NBs have been shown to sense and to react to numerous kinds of cellular stress signals including cytokines, DNA damage, oncogenic fusion proteins, heat shock, heavy metals and viral infection.43, 46, 57 As numerous key enzymes of the genotoxic stress response including checkpoint kinases ATM,58 ATR59 and Chk260 and the deubiquitinase USP7/HAUSP61 are recruited to PML-NBs upon stress, we speculate that additional crosstalk might occur at PML-NBs.