PGF and gestational diabetes: Pre-existing maternal obesity and GDM were associated with increased gene expression of placental growth factor (PLGF), soluble endoglin (sEng) and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and increased secretion of PLGF, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2), sEng and sICAM-1 [116].