INS and Insulin resistance: As shown in Table 1 and Additional file 1: Figure S1, the obese group showed a significant impairment in fasting glucose (95.9 ± 2.4 vs. 83.9 ± 1.9 in the lean group, p < 0.05), and fasting insulin levels dramatically increased (21.8 ± 2.5 vs. 9.4 ± 1.6 in the lean group, p < 0.05), suggestive of impaired insulin sensitivity or development of insulin resistance [37, 38].