HSPB1 protein expression was further confirmed by immunohistochemistry in astrocytoma samples, comprising pilocytic astrocytoma (grade I), low grade astrocytoma (grade II), anaplastic astrocytoma (grade III) and GBM (grade IV) with short (5 months) and long survival (27 months), and in non-neoplastic brain tissue (Fig. 3d). This evidence concerns the gene HSPB1 and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).