TNF and neoplasm: MDSCare generated in bone marrow in response to factors secreted by tumor cells themselves,such as G-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-1β, prostaglandin (PG) E2, VEGF, and TNF-α, and arerecruited to the site of the primary tumor and secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes,spleen) by chemokines such as CCL2, CXCL12, and CXCL5.