Our data show IGFBP2 as an inhibitor of the invasion process in our 3-D model of cervical pre-cancer and in the main, IGFBP2 tumour suppressive functions are those which antagonise IGF signalling [38,51,52], although IGF-independent pro-apoptotic functions of IGFBP2 have also been described [53]. This evidence concerns the gene IGF1 and neoplasm.