TNF and pulmonary arterial hypertension: In another report, patients with lcSSc with PAH, had higher levels of circulating monocyte-related cytokine mediators (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, and ICAM-1) and vascular injury markers (VEGF, VCAM-1, and VW Factor), and their PBMCs exhibited increased expression of mRNA for ICAM-1, IL-1β, JAK2, IFNGR1, IL-13Rα1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-2, delta-aminolevulinate synthase 2 protein (ALAS2), CCR1, and AIF1akt (126).