Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), which regulates oxidation and cellular stress, is upregulated in SSc dermal fibroblasts by TGF-β; and ATF3 suppresses TGFG-β-induced proliferative effects via interaction with Smad3 in a c-Jun-dependent manner (371). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and systemic sclerosis.