The association between POD/POCD and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6 and interleukin-8, neuronal injury marker and C-reactive protein was shown by several studies and questioned by others (see Sections Biological Markers of Postoperative Delirium and Common Biomarkers of Postoperative Delirium and Cognitive Dysfunction for Details). Here, TNF is linked to delirium.