Based on all these observations, it can be inferred that Pak1 contributes to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by influencing many signalling events, including the expression of cytokines such as IL-6, chemokines such as MCP-1 and adhesion molecules such as VCAM1 and ICAM1, thereby recruiting monocytes to the aortic wall and the migration of SMCs from medial to intimal region. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and atherosclerosis.