NLRP3 and coinfection: However, our data suggest that the intermediate pathway might also serve to enhance inflammasome activation in conditions of co-infections with dsRNA viruses such as rotaviruses and pathogenic bacteria that produce NLRP3-activating toxin such as L. monocytogenes, S. aureus and Clostridium difficile. Indeed, co-infection with rotaviruses and toxin-producing bacteria are frequently observed in conditions of acute gastroenteritis27, 28, 29.