PFKL and acute kidney injury: Vasoconstriction, one of the hallmarks of AKI, is induced by RAAS,51 and has been shown to lead to hypoxic conditions, 52 which in turn triggers the asymmetric gene activation of elements involved in the glycolysis pathway such as phosphofructokinase (PFKL).53 An accumulation of the PFKL metabolic product fructose 1,6-bisphosphate can result in the inhibition of de novo ATP production and ultimately accumulation of hypoxanthine, 54 which is another known hallmark of AKI.