Using S1P as a pre-treatment prior to AKI induction in an I/RI animal model resulted in an attenuation of systemic inflammation and kidney injury,100,101 and the S1P receptor type 2 (S1P(2)R) antagonist JTE013 selectively up-regulated SK1 and attenuated both hydrogen peroxide-induced necrosis and TNFα/cycloheximide-induced apoptosis.102. Here, MBTPS1 is linked to acute kidney injury.