The major signaling cascades involved in AKI are the RAAS axis, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF α ), transforming growth factor beta (TGF β ), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), hypoxia inducing factor (HIF1α) and NFkB pathways.40,41 A recent study integrated a majority of the various elements of AKI, delineated all potentially involved pathways and assembled them into a global molecular model of AKI induction, progression and ultimately apoptosis/necrosis using a combination of Systems Biology, proteomics and de-novo pathway mapping approaches. Here, TNF is linked to acute kidney injury.