These genes include ARPC1B, CCT2, CD93, CDK4, DNMT1, FGFR1, FZD1, HGF, MIS12, NCAPD2, NCAPG2, NCAPH, PIK3R1, PLAUR, POLA2, POLR2D, POLR2J, TGFBR2 and VCL. Despite the absence of these genes in currently known gene sets associated with the different aspects of ovarian cancers, some of these were nonetheless shown to play critical roles in cancer development and progression. Here, VCL is linked to ovarian carcinoma.