TLR4 and neoplasm: 11 reported, exposure of ECs to rHMGB1 resulted in increased expression both of TLR4 and RAGE, further amplifying the pro-angiogenic response; however, the migration of ECs was blocked by siRNA and antibodies targeting HMGB1 and RAGE, but not TLR4. Furthermore, pre-stimulation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) with rHMGB1 could enhance the recruitment of EPCs for tumour neovascularization, and EPC migration was blocked by RAGE, but not by anti-TLR antibodies 32.