Previously, increased PHACTR1 expression levels have been reported in HUVECs (human umbilical vein endothelial cells) after vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) isoform (VEGF-A165) treatment [45], and in human breast cancer cell line by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in a miR584-dependent manner [18]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to breast cancer.