In summary, the findings reported in this study and our previous studies together have laid the foundation for future efforts to investigate: 1) the role of TGLI1 in cancer stem cells, 2) the specific splicing mechanisms that synthesize TGLI1 in tumor cells but not in normal counterparts, 3) the role of TGLI1 in gene repression and miRNA expression, 4) the value of TGLI1 as a prognostic indicator in human cancers, 5) the potential to pharmacologically target TGLI1, and 6) the involvement of VEGF-C and TEM7 in GBM angiogenesis and other malignant phenotypes. Here, PLXDC1 is linked to glioblastoma.