On the other hand, TGF-β inhibits GSK3β via ERK-MAPK in hepatocellular carcinoma (Ding et al., 2005) and cultured peritoneal mesothelial cells (Jang et al., 2013), and GSK3 inhibition can lead to SMAD3 activation and fibrosis in cultured cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts (Hua et al., 2010; Lal et al., 2014). Here, TGFB1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.