On the other hand, TGF-β inhibits GSK3β via ERK-MAPK in hepatocellular carcinoma (Ding et al., 2005) and cultured peritoneal mesothelial cells (Jang et al., 2013), and GSK3 inhibition can lead to SMAD3 activation and fibrosis in cultured cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts (Hua et al., 2010; Lal et al., 2014). The gene discussed is SMAD3; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.