TGFB1 and cardiac hypertrophy: TGFβ expression is increased in the myocardium in cardiac hypertrophy experimental models and human cardiac hypertrophy patients (Dobaczewski et al., 2011; Hein et al., 2003; Li et al., 1997; Rosenkranz, 2004; Villar et al., 2009), and it promotes the hypertrophic growth of cardiomyocytes (Schultz et al., 2002), fibroblast proliferation and transdifferentiation into myofibroblasts (Petrov et al., 2002), which collectively contribute to the progression of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis (Villar et al., 2013).