This is consistent with previous studies showing CBD can attenuate the increase in JNK and NFκB caused by hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury,53 diabetic cardiomyopathy,11 and hyperglycaemia.12 Our data suggest that reductions in these inflammatory pathways in endothelial cells may underpin some of the protective effects of CBD observed in the vasculature.5 This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and diabetic cardiomyopathy.