In control elderly brains, the rates of cases with cognitive impairment (CDR ≥ 0.5) among cases with and without TDP-43 immunoreactive structures were 38.3 % (18/47 cases, CDR was unavailable in 8 cases) and 34.3 % (28/70 cases, CDR was unavailable in 11 cases), respectively. The gene discussed is TARDBP; the disease is Cognitive impairment.