SERPINH1 and systemic sclerosis: Since HSP47 has intracellular location and does not secrete out of cells, it seems that the elevated sera level of HSP47 in mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) and rheumatic diseases (Yokota et al., 2003) and the higher plasma level of HSP47 detected in SSc in our study are produced by the apoptotic cells under the inflammatory and fibrotic condition.