TNF and melanoma: Interleukin (IL)-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-α, IL-6, IL-18, and IL-12 are in various stages of development [1–8] Indeed, the use of IL-2 as a cytokine-based immunotherapy was first used in human patients in 1985, and was approved in patients with melanoma in 1998 based on durable, but low, complete response rates (< 10%) [9].