NOX1 and breast carcinoma: Arctigenin, a dietary phytoestrogen, increased superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide levels by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 1 (NOX1) and activated p38 pathway to induce apoptosis in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells by triggering the mitochondrial caspase-independent apoptotic pathway [51].