INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Our results show that exposure of preeclampsia sera increased or decreased the expression of several genes and affected the functional pathways, including (1) energy balance, obesity, lipid metabolism, and adipogenesis, (2) insulin resistance and glucose tolerance, (3) host defense, redox balance, detoxification, and oxidative stress, and (4) inflammation, immune response, and Th1/Th2 type cytokine balance.