Using retrobulbar fibroblasts, retrobulbar preadipocytes from TAO patients, and primary cultures of thyrocytes, Antonelli et al. showed that IFN-γ and TNF-α treatment induced IP-10 release through a PPARγ- (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma-) dependent pathway [38, 40]. This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and thromboangiitis obliterans.