Using retrobulbar fibroblasts, retrobulbar preadipocytes from TAO patients, and primary cultures of thyrocytes, Antonelli et al. showed that IFN-γ and TNF-α treatment induced IP-10 release through a PPARγ- (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma-) dependent pathway [38, 40]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is thromboangiitis obliterans.