Conversely, an analysis of multiple factors in pretreatment tumor specimens from patients with advanced cancers receiving anti—PD-1 (nivolumab) therapy demonstrated that only the tumor cell PD-L1 expression is most closely associated with objective tumor regression; the other micro-environmental features analyzed, such as tumor infiltrating lymphocytes PD-1 expression and the intensity of T-cell and B-cell infiltrates, are associated with PD-L1 expression on tumor or tumor infiltrating immune-cells, but not independently associated with treatment response [50]. Here, CD274 is linked to cancer.