According to the European Association of Urology (EAU) and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines, these high-risk PCa patients are defined by clinical stage ≥T3a, a biopsy Gleason score of 8–10 and/or a serum PSA level >20 ng/ml [5,6]. Here, KLK3 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.