EDN1 and stroke disorder: Based on evidence from the literature [4,5,7,9,14–16,18,19], the observed increase in simple gangliosides GM2 and GM3 in the stroke region of the Aβ/ET-1 combined group at both 3 and 21 d after surgery is indicative of a more severe pathological response compared to ET-1 alone and Aβ alone as GM2 has been shown to be elevated immediately after TBI [14] and accumulations of GM3 has been shown to increase toxicity and induce apoptosis in cells [15–19].