On the other hand, inflammatory stimulation elicits aberrant AID expression in epithelial cells and overexpressed AID could induce mutations in various non-immunoglobulin genes and trigger inflammation-associated tumorigenesis, including gastric carcinogenesis associated with H. pylori-related gastritis and hepatocarcinogenesis associated with chronic hepatitis C [26,62,63]. Here, AICDA is linked to chronic hepatitis C virus infection.