TNF and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Elevated levels of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), a transcription factor that regulates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines [3], and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), a key cytokine that stimulates the inflammatory response [4] are found in circulating blood and in skeletal muscles in DMD patients and mdx mice, the experimental model of DM [5–7].