Table 2 summarizes the corresponding evaluation P-values. Starting from the unique 129 genes of metformin upstream genes and TF genes, a network with 98 nodes and 179 edges was produced (S3 Fig). The largest module contained 74 nodes and 178 edges, which indicated that metformin upstream genes and downstream genes could regulate each other to a certain degree. Among 98 nodes, 93 had genotyping data in T2D GWAS, of which 36 genes belonging to the T2D-related genes. Compared with all genes with genotyping data in the GWAS, the hypergeometric test P-value was 0.02. This evidence concerns the gene TF and type 2 diabetes mellitus.