Importantly, mutant alpha-synuclein transduced neuronal cultures as well as MPTP-based in vivo models displayed a hyper-active ROCK-signaling axis, emphasizing ROCK-upregulation as a common mechanism of genetic and toxin-induced PD-models (Barcia et al., 2012; Villar-Cheda et al., 2012; Tonges et al., 2014b). This evidence concerns the gene SNCA and Parkinson disease.