Interestingly, GM-CSF-deficient mice are resistant to many Th17-dependent models of autoimmune disease, including CIA, mBSA/IL-1β, EAE and experimental autoimmune myocarditis [8, 19–21], and GM-CSF-deficient Th17 cells are unable to induce EAE upon adoptive transfer [16]. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and autoimmune myocarditis.