Moreover, we found that serum HMGB1 concentrations showed a highly significant correlation with SLE disease activity index score (SLEDAI) (r = 0.4715, P = 0.0064, Figure 1(c)) and anti-dsDNA antibody levels (r = 0.6257, P = 0.0001, Figure 1(d)). Here, HMGB1 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.