HMGB1 and systemic lupus erythematosus: Furthermore, serum HMGB1 levels in SLE patients with active renal disease (42.5672 ± 21.0052 ng/mL) were significantly higher than those in patients without active renal disease (15.7279 ± 8.8412 ng/mL, P < 0.05, Figure 1(b)).