HMGB1 and systemic lupus erythematosus: Results showed that HMGB1 overexpression exacerbated renal pathology as revealed by the increased infiltration of proinflammatory cells into glomerular mesanguim and thickened basement membrane, as well as the atrophy of glomerular mesanguim (Figure 2(b)), and upregulated the kidney score of SLE mice (Figure 2(c)).