Thus, while additional studies on the effects of Pim kinases on CXCR4 in PC-3 cells cultured in the absence or presence of CXCL12 would be of interest, one can already speculate that the Pim-CXCR4 interaction has helped our Pim-overexpressing orthotopic tumor cells to form metastases into the prostate-draining lymph nodes and the lungs, while the tumor microenvironment around the subcutaneous tumors may not have been permissive enough to promote the invasion. Here, CXCL12 is linked to neoplasm.