MAPK3 and neuroblastoma: Moreover, nigranoic acid has been shown to induce neuritogenesis through the Ca2+-calmodulin-mediated kinase II and ERK1/2 signaling pathways in PC12 cells [91]. S. chinensis also contains dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans (Figure 18(b)) and these have been shown to have a potential neuroprotective effect on SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells.