TNF and neoplasm: It has been known for a while that tumor-infiltrating inflammatory cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) promote tumor growth, and accordingly several soluble factors, such as the CCL2 chemokine, the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and TNFα, the pro-angiogenic factor VEGF are enriched in the TME (1).