Compared to non-infected, unvaccinated individuals, naturally acquired cutaneous anthrax induced a diverse, CD4+ T cell cytokine response, encompassing significant, antigen-specific release of IFNγ (p < 0.001), TNFα (p < 0.001), IL-5 (p < 0.001), IL-9 (p < 0.001), IL-10 (p < 0.001), IL-13 (p = 0.045), IL-17 (p = 0.002) and IL-22 (p = 0.03) (Figure 1). Here, CD4 is linked to anthrax infection.