ADCYAP1 and diabetes mellitus: However, despite the common insulinotrophic responses mediated by the two receptors, studies focusing on the diverse potential actions exerted by PACAP are still warranted, since a variety of different intracellular signalling molecules (e.g., cAMP, PKA, ion channels, and MAP kinases) may be differently involved and act in concert in a context-dependent manner to produce variable effects on pancreatic islets during diabetes progression.