Animal epilepsy model studies using kindling suggest that PIRC and PRC have particularly low thresholds for epileptogenesis; kindling from these structures occurs at a faster rate (i.e., with fewer stimulations necessary to trigger Stage 5 seizures) as compared to other forebrain structures (McIntyre and Plant, 1993; McIntyre et al., 1999). This evidence concerns the gene PPRC1 and epilepsy.