For the same time points, we also measured the already implicated chemokines responsible for neutrophil recruitment12, namely MIP-2, KC and GMCSF and did not see any up-regulation at 3 hours (Fig. 7C–E respectively), indicating a direct role of IL-17A in modulating the barrier integrity of lung mucosa and neutrophil recruitment at a very early stages of infection. Here, CALCA is linked to infection.