CD83 and HIV-1 infection: We observed that the rapid and sustained upregulation of type I IFN expression in cDCs from EC after HIV-1 infection was associated with a significantly increased surface expression of CD86, CD83 and CD40 at 24 hours p.i., which reached levels otherwise observed after stimulation of cDC with the TLR3 ligand Poly(I:C) (Fig 1B and S1 Fig).